Lichens, of which more than twenty thousand species have been named, are complex associations between certain algae. The lichen itself is not an organism: rather it is the morphological and biochemical product of the association. Neither a fungus nor an alga alone can produce lichen. The intimate relationship between these two living components of lichen was once erroneously though to represent mutualism.
In mutual relationships, both participants benefit. With lichens, however, it appears the fungus actually parasitizes the algae. This is one of the conclusions drawn from experiments in which the two components of lichens were separated and grown apart. Download football manager for pc.
In nature, lichen fungi may encounter and grow around saveral kinds of algae. Some types of algae the fungi may kill; other types it may reject. Lichen algae are autotrophic, meaning they make their own food through photosynthesis. Lichen fungi are heterotrophic, meaning they depend upon the algae within the lichen to supply their food. Up to ninety percent of than food made by the green alga cell is transferred to the fungus. What, if anything, the fungus contributes to the association is not well understood. Lichens are hardly.
The grow in many habitats and are often pioneers in hostile environments where few other organisms can flourish. They have been known to grow endolithically, having been discovered thriving inside of rocks in Antartica. Lichen help reduce erosion by stabilizing soil. Saveral kinds of insects glue lichens to their exoskeletons for camouflage. Many species of birds use lichens as building materials for nests. Human have used lichens for dyes and antibiotics.
Which of the following best describes lichen association? Simple plants made of two different autotrophic organims. A mutual association between a fungus and an alga C. A parasitic association between two fungi, one autotrophic, the second autotrophic D. A union between a parasitic fungus and an autotrophic alga 2.
The word 'hardly' in line 26 is clossest in meaning to A. Beneficial 3. In Biology, mutualism occurs when two different organism live close together and A. One organism parasitizes the other B.
Both organism benefit from the association C. Both organism are harmed by the association D. One organism benefits while the other does not or is harmed by the association 4. In line 7, the word 'intimate' is nearest in meaning to A. Extraordinary C. Biological D. Lichen serves as camouflage for which of the following?
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The true nature of the relationship between the lichen components was clarified by A. Examining lichens with a microscope B. Observing lichens palced in the dark C. Observing the lichen component when grown apart D.
Decreasing the amount of nutrients available to the lichens 7. In line 27, the word 'hostile' is clossestnin the meaning to A. Untraveled D. Inhospitable 8. An endolithic lichen is one that A. Grows in the canopies of trees B. Grows inside rocks C.
Grows at very high altitudes D. Grows inside other organism, including other lichens 9. Many lichens contribute at the communities they in habits by A. Removing pollutants from the air B. Controlling wood-rotting fungi C. Slowing the spread of viruses D. Reducing soil erosion Question 11 through 20 are based on the following passage.
When buying a house, you must be sure to have it checked for termites. A termite is much like an ant in its communal habits, although physically the two insects are distinct. Like those ants, termite colonies consist of different classes, each with its own particular job.
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The most perfectly formed termites, both male and female, make up the productive class. They have eyes, hard body walls and fully developed wings.
A pair of reproductive termites founds the colony. When new reproductive termites develop, they leave to form another colony. They use their wings only this on time and then break them off. The worker termites are small, blind and wingless, with soft bodies.
They make up the majority of the colony and do all the work. Soldiers are eyeless and wingless but are larger than the workers and have hard heads and strong jaws and legs. They defend the colony and are cared for by the workers. The male and female of the reproductive class remain inside a closed-in cell when the female lays thousands of eggs. The workers place the eggs in cell and care for them. Even if one colony is treated with poison, if a male and female of the reproductive class escape, they can form a new colony. Pest control companies can inspect a house for infestation of termites.
Often, of lay person can not spot the evidence, so it is critical to have the opinion of a proffesional. Treatments vary depending upon the type of termite. How are termites like ants? They live in communities, and each class has a specific duty B. Their bodies are the same shape C. The king and queen are imprisoned D.
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The females' reproductive capacities are the same 11. The word 'communal' in line 3 is closest in meaning to A. Reproducing C. Organizational D.
Which of the following is not true? All termites have eyes B. Some termites cannot fly C. Workers are smaller than soldiers D.
Termites do not fly often 13. In line 4, the word 'distinct' is closest in meaning to A. Genetically related D. In line 6, 'classes' is closest in meaning to A. Categories 15.
Which of the following statements is probably true? Thousands of termites may move together to develop a new colony B. The male and female reproductions do not venture outdoors except to form a new colony. There are more soldiers than workers D.
A worker could easily kill a soldier 16. The word 'founds' in line 10 is nearest in meaning to A. Establishes B. Which of the following would be the best title for this passage?
Termites Destroy Houses B. Termites Work Well Together C. The Habits and Physical Characteristics of Termites D. The relationship of Soldier and Worker Termites 18. The word 'each' in line 6 refers to A. Classes KUNCI JAWABAN: 1.
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Having entered school in the new city, it was found that B. After entering the new school, C. When he had been entering the new school, D. Upon entering into the new school, 4. It is very difficult to stop the cultivation of marijuana because A. It grows very carelessly B.
Or it`s growth without attention C. It grows well with little care D. It doesn`t care much to grow 5. The fact that space exploration has increased dramatically in the past thirty A. Is an evidence of us wanting to know more of our solar system B. Indicates that we are very eager to learn all we can about our solar system C.
How we want to learn more about the solar system D. Is pointing to evidence of our intention to know a lot more about what is called our solar system 6. Many of the current international problems we are now facing A. Linguistic incompetencies B. Are the result of misunderstandings C. Are because of not understanding themselves D.
Lacks of the intelligent capabilities of understanding each other 7. Mr.Roberts is a noted chemist A. As well as an effective teacher B. And too a very efficient teacher C. But he teaches very good in addition D. However he teaches very good also 8. Public television stations are different from commercial stations A.
Because they receive money differently and different types of shows B. For money and program types C.
In the areas of funding and programming D. Because the former receives money and has programs differently from the latter 9. Manufacturers often sacrifice quality - A. For a larger profit margin B. In place of to earn more money C. To gain more quantities of money D. And instead earn a bigger amount of profit 10.
Automobile production in the United States A. Have taken slumps and rises in recent years B. Has been rather erratic recently C.
Has been erratically lately D. Are going up and down all the time 11. A major problem in the construction of new buildings A. Is that windows have been eliminates while air conditioning systems have not been perfected.
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Our human resources department will help you acclimate to the San Francisco area your arrival there.(A) when(B) while(C) upon(D) if2. For being the top real estate saleswoman of the quarter, Susan Millerreceived the accolades of her manager(A) produce(B) production(C) produced(D) producing3.
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Your accommodations at the Pan-Pacific Hotel in Vancouver beenconfirmed for two nights.(A) having(B) has(C) have(D) have to4. President Smiths assistant will accompany her on her trip to New Yorkthis week.(A) executing(B) executive(C) execution(D) executable5. John accomplished little as production supervisor,he was fired.(A) Even though(B) In spite of(C) While(D) Because6. It was quite an accomplishment to turn the company around in such.(A) time a short(B) short, a time(C) time a short(D) a short time. 7.
Talks have broken off because the two companies have been unable anaccord.(A) to reach(B) reaching(C) reach(D) they reached8. According to our records, your checking account is $123.00 as of thismorning.(A) overdrawn(B) overdrawing(C) was overdrawn(D) to overdraw9. You an accountant calculate your taxes and complete your return.(A) should let(B) can(C) could have been(D) might need10. Should you decide to take our money market account, interest willaccrue at a rate of 4.5% per year.(A) to check(B) check(C) checking(D) checkedTOEIC TEST MASTER CDROM11. She has yet to achieve her goal the company on sound financial footing.(A) by putting(B) with putting(C) of putting(D) on putting12.
Williams of accomplishment within the company is only exceeded byhis record of service to the community.(A) record(B) recorded(C) recording(D) records. 13. Pacific Gas and Electric refused to acknowledge receiving our letter complaint.(A) by(B) of(C) in(D) to14. Young is a business acquaintance whom I met at our annual convention year.(A) past(B) passed(C) prior(D) last15. Dutch Telecom is reportedly seeking to acquire VoiceStream Technologies for fifty billion dollars.(A) some(B) any(C) much(D) many16. AOLs acquisition of Time Warner was accomplished mainly as a result of sellingshares in company.(A) their(B) its(C) its(D) theyre a17.
Jones from the company, Janet Jackson has been appointedacting head of the Trust Division.(A) dismissive(B) dismiss(C) dismissal(D) dismissed18. You may activate your credit card by calling 1-800-888-0002 at any 24hours a day.(A) timing(B) times(C) time(D) timer19. According to actuarial calculations, the average male born in the United States has. a life of 74 years.(A) expectation(B) expectancy(C) expecting(D) expect20. To become the CEO of a corporation, one must extraordinary businessacumen and aggressive leadership skills.(A) possess(B) possessed(C) have possessing(D) have been possessed21. We cannot count on changing their negotiating position because theirresponse to our latest offer was adamant.(A) they are(B) them(C) their(D) that they22.
The addendum to the agreement has yet to be formulated but crucialpoints which must be worded carefully.(A) include(B) includes(C) including(D) its including23. Please note that the address which is listed on our business card has been changed 512 Valencia Avenue.(A) in(B) on(C) by(D) to24. I would like to send this letter by return receipt so that the addresseewill have to sign for it.(A) certify(B) certification(C) certifiable(D) certified25. our program this afternoon, the meeting will be adjourned promptly at5:00 p.m. (A) In accordance by(B) To accord with(C) According to(D) Accord in.
YOU HAVE ONE HOUR TO COMPLETE PARTS III, IV, AND V OF THE TEST READING In this section of the test, you will have a chance to show how well you understand written English. There are two parts to this section, with special directions for each part. Part III Directions: Question 51 – 70 are incomplete sentences. Four words or phrases, marked (A), (B), (C), (D), are given beneath each sentence.
You are to choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence. Then, on your answer sheet, find the number of the question and mark your answer. Example Because the equipment is very delicate, it must be handled with -( A ) c a r i n g S a m p l e a n s w e r ( B ) c a r e f u l ( A ) ( B ).
(C) (D) (C) care (D) carefully The sentence should read, “Because the equipment is very delicate, it must be handled with care.” Therefore, you should choose answer (C). As soon as you understand the directions, begin work on the questions.to several studies, 15 percent of the population under the age of 25 have taken up smoking. (A ) Ac ce pt (B ) Wr it te n (C ) Ac cor din g (D) Det erm ined 52. All keys for the store were -in a safe place behind the counter. (A ) Ke pt (B ) Gu ar d (C ) Ho ld ing (D) Displ ayed 53. Th e b uil di ng wa s t he -in the city.
(A ) Mo re (B ) Mo st (C ) Bi gg er (D ) Tal les t 54. The marketing Department had no -plan for the new product.
(A ) abl e (B) sta tute (C) spe cif ic (D ) in pl ace. The student group asked to be left al one, to car ry ou t the ir me et ing without -(A ) fa il s (B ) bo xe s (C ) at tit ude s (D) inte rru ptio n 56. It is hard to find -people for low-paying positions. (A ) re new ed (B ) inv es te d (C ) val uab le (D) res pons ibl e 57.
Air temperatures are -by wind and altitude, as well as by other factors. (A) ele men ts (B) det erm ine (C) eff ect ive (D) infl uenc ed 58.
They -to the mountain town to visit their friends. (A ) dro ve (B ) dra ft (C ) dr ie d (D) dri ven 59. Insurance providers strive to determine ways to -health plans. (A ) pa y (B ) da ta (C ) re pa ir (D) imp rov e 60. The ship entered port -three months at sea.
( A) fo r ( B) w he n (C ) af te r (D ) st or ms 61. The -matter is, the more it weighs. (A) dens er (B) tig hter (C ) old er (D ) deep er 62. The young men were -for vandalism. (A) quit ted (B) arr est ed (C) fini she d (D ) sto ppe d 63.
Bicyclist -to ride in the park. (A ) is not (B ) ca nno t go (C) not all owe d (D ) are for bid den 64.
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The company -in 1970. (A ) fou nde d (B ) we re fo und (C) was foun ded (D ) has bee n found ed 65. Heavy rains -the tournament from continuing later in the afternoon. (A) canc ele d (B) incl uded (C) pre vent ed (D ) org aniz ed 66.
He was mature and -, and his busine ss decis ions we re sound. (A) conf ide nce (B) conf idin g in (C) sel f-co nfid ent (D) self-co nfidentl y 67. Staff were asked to -for any contingency. (A) pre dict (B) pre cede d (C) pre par ing (D) be p repar ed 68. After -their tickets, the man and his family entered the ballpark.
(A) buyi ng (B ) bou ght (C) pur cha sed (D ) Acce pta nce 6 9. T he c om p a ny ne w s p a p e r k e e p s staff -about matters that are interest to everyone.
(A ) To ld (B ) Da te d (C) Dec ided (D ) Info rme d 70. The report said that everything was -control. (A ) on ( B ) at (C ) ov er (D ) und er Part IV Directions: In questions 71 – 80 each sentence has four words or phrases underlined. The four underlined parts of the sentence are marked (A), (B), (C), (D). You are identify the one underlined word or phrase that should be corrected or rewritten. Then, on your answer sheet, find the number of the question and mark your answer.
Example All employee are required to wear their Sample Answer A B.
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